Quantum Numbers in Structure of Atom Class 10 Physics | What are Quantum Number?

What are Quantum Numbers? Write a brief note about each quantum number.

Quantum numbers:

1)Each electron in an atom is described by a set of three numbers (n,l,m). These are Quantum numbers.
2) Quantum numbers describe the space around the nucleus where the electrons are found and also their energies. These are called atomic orbitals.

The 4 Quantum Numbers are:

  1. Principal Quantum Number.
  2. The Angular momentum Quantum Number
  3. Magnetic Quantum Number.
  4. Spin Quantum Number

1) Principal Quantum number:

  • It is introduced by Neil's Bohr. 
  • It is related to the size and energy of the main shell. 
  • The principal quantum number is denoted by 'n'. 
  • If "n" increases the shells become larger and the energy increases.
  • The Shells are also Represented by letters K, L, M... 
  • For each 'n' value there is one main shell.

2) The angular - momentum Quantum number:

  • It was introduced by Sommerfeld. 
  • It has integers values from 0 to n-1 for each value of 'n'.
  • Each (l) value represents one subshell.
  • It describes the shapes of the subshells .s p,d...as follows.
  • s - orbital - Spherical shape, 
  • p - Orbital - Dumbell Shape, 
  • d - Orbital - Double dumbbell Shape.
  • It is also called the "Azimuthal Quantum number " or "subsidiary Quantum number".




3)The magnetic Quantum number : (ml).

  • It was introduced by Lande. 
  • "l" values between -l and l including zero.
  • This describes the orientation of the orbital.

4) Spin Quantum number:

  • The yellow light in the street lamps is comprised of a very closely spaced doublet when analyzed using a high-resolution spectroscope.
  • Alkali and alkaline earth metal show that type of lines.
  • To account for such a behavior spin Quantum number introduced by "Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit" in 1925.
  • This represents the property of the electron denoted by (ms). 
  • Two possible orientations - clockwise and anticlockwise.
  • Represented by +1/2 or -1/2. If both are positive value then the spins are parallel otherwise Anti parallel. 
  • The importance is seen when electrons occupy orbitals in multi-electron atoms.

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